ftir analysis of nanoparticles

J Colloid Interface Sci 309:4955. J Phys Condens Matter 24:164206. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/24/16/164206, Larkin P (2011) Infrared and Raman spectroscopy: principles and spectral interpretation. Environ. J. Nanopart. Devatha, C., Thalla, A. K. & Katte, S. Y. Here, ATRFTIR provided the evidence of the AgNPs cytotoxicity-induced intracellular level alterations in bacteria. One of the most important analytical techniques available to todays scientists is infrared spectroscopy. ATRFTIR spectra of fatty acid region in untreated E. coli (black line), E. coli+AgNPs after 2.5h (red line), E. coli+AgNPs after 5h (green line), and E. coli+AgNPs after 7.5h (blue line) (color figure online). Indian J. Pharm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to assess molecular-level As previous reports have mentioned, amide I and amide II bands present the predominance of or structures [11, 62]. FTIR spectra was taken for . The negative surface charge of bacteria due to polysaccharides of lipopolysaccharides provides interaction with the positively charged nanoparticles and forms pit structures in the membrane [109]. [37] investigated the toxicity effect of various quantum dot nanoparticle sizes on E. coli. Eng. The results of the discussed report clarified that the peptide and amino acids, regardless of their position (intracellular or extracellular), were modified in the nanoparticle-treated bacterial FTIR signature. Finally, the raw data can require extensive post-processing analysis. Raman spectroscopy has it combined with FTIR can provide valuable data about the microorganisms interactions with nanoparticles as well as nanoparticle characterization. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01659, Hamadi F, Latrache H, Zahir H et al (2008) The relation between Escherichia coli surface functional groups composition and their physicochemical properties. The chains of several bacterial membrane amphiphiles (e.g., phospholipids) and side-chain vibrations can be characterized by the peaks in the region around 31002800cm1, which are observed due to the CH stretching vibrations of CH3, CH2, and CH functional groups [62, 89]. Google Scholar, Podstawka-Proniewicz E, Piergies N, Skouba D, Kafarski P, Kim Y, Proniewicz LM (2011) Vibrational characterization of L-leucine phosphonate analogues: FT-IR, FT-Raman, and SERS spectroscopy studies and DFT calculations. Analyst 136:44024408. Int. Trans ASAE 47:951957, Sprenger D, Anderson O (1991) Deconvolution of XPS spectra. Green Nanotechnol. These compounds corresponded to the nanoparticle-exposed bacterial resistance mechanisms to decrease the effect of nitrosative stress at the transcriptional level [96]. Mass spectrometry and FTIR are tools that are often used in conjunction; FTIR provides an outlook into the structural overview of bacterial toxicity, whereas mass spectrometry offers a ratio of molecular bonds [36]. doi:10.1021/bi201569t, Podstawka-Proniewicz E, Piergies N, Skouba D et al (2011) Vibrational characterization of l-leucine phosphonate analogues: FT-IR, FT-Raman, and SERS spectroscopy studies and DFT calculations. 192, 7482 (2019). B Biol. Metal nanoparticles are assumed to be a new generation of biologically active materials. Biochemistry (Mosc) 18:21032112. Here, clear decreases in peak intensity were observed after exposure in the spectral peaks at 1645, 1540, and 3288cm1. 3, 6878 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2015.01.014, Chia BCS, Lam Y-H, Dyall-Smith M et al (2000) A31P NMR study of the interaction of amphibian antimicrobial peptides with the membranes of live bacteria. They characterized the intensity of bands at 2958, 2925, and 2854cm1 and found that peaks were smaller in treated bacteria compared to the control. What is FTIR? The fingerprint falls between wavenumbers 900600cm1 and indicates unique weak bands that correspond to nucleic acids, i.e., phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and various nucleotides [62]. Sci Total Environ 508:7684, Romih T, Jemec A, Novak S, Vaccari L, Ferraris P, imon M, Kos M, Susi R, Kogej K, Zupanc J, Drobne D (2016) FTIR microscopy reveals distinct biomolecular profile of crustacean digestive glands upon subtoxic exposure to ZnO nanoparticles. ADS After bacterial exposure to oxide nanoparticles, the band at 1341cm1 disappeared and intensive bands at 1362cm1 were observed [52], indicating a low concentration of the vibrations of methylene in end-gauche conformers as well as a combination of vibrations of methylene in gauche-trans-gauche and double-gauche conformers, respectively [25, 66]. FTIR is an extremely rapid technique compared to conventional techniques. doi:10.1002/sia.2184, Levine S, Stevenson HJR, Chambers LA, Kenner BA (1953) Infrared spectrophotometry of enteric bacteria. To our knowledge, no study has used NMR and FTIR combined for nanotoxicology. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.001, Feng QL, Wu J, Chen GQ et al (2000) A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, the analysis of compounds with multiple functional groups is very difficult when using mass spectrometry [36, 43]. Article PubMed Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Translational Research newsletter top stories in biotechnology, drug discovery and pharma. Green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles for - IOPscience Bottom Line: Moreover, the combination of nanoparticles with biomolecules on electrodes is a matter of particular interest since several examples with high activities and direct electron transfer have been found.This study demonstrates the ability to construct fully electro-active cyt c multilayer assemblies by using carboxy-modified silica nano. Eng. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. J Food Sci 73:M54M61. XPS has been used to identify the accurate composition of polymer surfaces and their adhered biomolecules [123] as well as to study cellsubstratum interfaces [14]. doi:10.4172/2155-9872.1000232, Cadet F, de la Guardia M (2000) Quantitative analysis, infrared. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 6(1):17691780, Vongsvivut J, Truong VK, Al Kobaisi M, Maclaughlin S, Tobin MJ, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP (2017) Synchrotron macro ATR-FTIR microspectroscopic analysis of silica nanoparticle-embedded polyester coated steel surfaces subjected to prolonged UV and humidity exposure. Ions are produced by enforcing either the loss or gain of a charge from a sample, called the ionizing process. Rashid, M. I. et al. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to assess molecular-level changes in microorganisms exposed to nanoparticles. Dreaden, E. C., Alkilany, A. M., Huang, X., Murphy, C. J. Int J Radiat Biol 71:561571. 7H2O solution at normal room temperature in a 100ml Erlenmeyer flask. Molecules 25(18):4300, Palaniappan PR, Pramod KS (2010) FTIR study of the effect of nTiO2 on the biochemical constituents of gill tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Complementary techniques, such as NMR, Raman, XPS, and mass spectroscopy, can increase the information density in order to determine the intracellular composition and structures of treated and untreated cells. et al. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/labware/learning-center/spectral-viewer/ft-ir-library.html. Micro-plates with six wells were used to grow bacteria until log phase, measuring the optical density at 600nm (OD600) every 15min. Google Scholar, Al-Holy MA, Lin M, Cavinato AG, Rasco BA (2006) The use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to differentiate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from other bacteria inoculated into apple juice. To demonstrate the importance of sample preparation used in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of microbiological materials, bacterial biomass samples with and without grinding and after different drying periods (1.5-23 h at 45 C), as well as biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs; without washing and after one to three washing steps) were comparatively studied by transmission . Pharm. Due to the reduction of Zn to ZnO Nanoparticles, the FTIR analysis of plant extracts was used to verify the bioreduction. Biol. Article The peaks at 3200 and 3060cm1 indicate NH stretching of amide A and amide B, respectively, in proteins [13, 39, 89, 115]. doi:10.1002/bem.20506, Jiang W, Saxena A, Song B et al (2004) Elucidation of functional groups on gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial surfaces using infrared spectroscopy. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.010, Bellamy LJ (1975) The infra-red spectra of complex molecules. J Bacteriol 72(5):593, Romih T, Draler B, Jemec A, Drobne D, Novak S, Golobi M, Makovec D, Susi R, Kogej K (2015) Bioavailability of cobalt and iron from citric-acid-adsorbed CoFe2O4 nanoparticles in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. J. Photochem. Front Genet. Plant Cell Biotechnol. FTIR micro-spectroscopy was also used to investigate the effect of a fullerene-based nanomaterial on Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida membranes [36]. Experimental research procedures on plants were accomplished according to the institutional guidelines of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. [134] used ATRFTIR to characterize the effect of nanowire photocatalysis on E. coli. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.209536, Reckel S, Lhr F, Dtsch V (2005) In-cell NMR spectroscopy. . Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) is a spectroscopy method that can identify variations in the total composition of microorganisms through the determination of changes in functional groups in biomolecules. 170, 241246 (2017). Article Evol. This is possible because Raman and FTIR spectroscopies are sensitive to homo-nuclear (CC, C=C and CC bonds) and hetero-nuclear (OH stretching in water) functional groups, respectively [61]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-016-0001-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-016-0001-8. Morphology and vibrational modes were determined through SEM and RAMAN spectra, while surface charge and stability were determined . [49] reported that the main alteration in the fatty acid region included reduced peak intensity of the CH bands at 2872 and 2852cm1 as well as undetectable bands at 2963 and 2927cm1 in bacteria exposed to AgI/TiO2 nanoparticles for 6h. Also, Fang et al. To identify strains of bacteria, a library for characterization and identification is required; however, this can be purchased from various scientific companies [40]. As all electrically charged nuclei have an associated spin, the applied external magnetic fields transfer energy at a specific wavelength from the base energy to a higher energy level. The effective factor regarding the ATR analysis is the refractive index of the sample, which should be lower than the crystal sample holder. Med. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, also known as FTIR Analysis or FTIR Spectroscopy, is an analytical technique used to identify organic, polymeric, and, in some cases, inorganic materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem 341:116120. The oxide nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR and TEM.. TEM showed CuO and ZnO nanoparticles had a nanorod shape and spherical shapes respectively. This confers a significant advantage over a dispersive spectrometer, which measures intensity over a narrow range of wavelengths at a time. Prep. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Transmittance FTIR, attenuated total reflectance (ATRFTIR), and micro-spectroscopy FTIR are the most popular FTIR-based methods for characterization. In: Voeller JG (ed) Wiley handbook of science and technology for homeland security. FTIR spectrum of ZnO.NPs was obtained from sample deposited at . Therefore, anti-infection and . Ser. ATRFTIR spectra region in untreated E. coli (black line), E. coli+AgNPs after 2.5h (red line), E. coli+AgNPs after 5h (green line), and E. coli+AgNPs after 7.5h (blue line) (color figure online). & El-Sayed, M. A. Magn. & Li, N. Re-examination of characteristic FTIR spectrum of secondary layer in bilayer oleic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. For ZnO nanoparticles synthesized in other plants, the FTIR findings were the same. Vib Spectrosc 26:151159. It is further confirmed using FTIR which shows a band at 620 and 686 cm 1 corresponding to Cu -O bond. Small 1, 482501 (2005). This method displays various chemical bonding in a sample or materials as well as. Vayalil, P. K. Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera Linn): An emerging medicinal food. For instance, FTIR has been used to determine bacterial structural changes after exposure to different types of nanomaterials, such as oxides [49, 52, 58, 86, 134], quantum dots [37], and organic nanoparticles [108]. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 3:485492. Sci Total Environ. As previously mentioned, FTIR is able to reveal different biochemical properties of bacteria based on their chemical bonds [112] and structural changes [131]. J Spectrosc 19:1726. J Food Prot 67:25552559, Romaniuk JAH, Cegelski L (2015) Bacterial cell wall composition and the influence of antibiotics by cell-wall and whole-cell NMR. Food Microbiol 23:162168. doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00114-3, Mouwen DJM, Weijtens MJBM, Capita R et al (2005) Discrimination of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR types of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 10, 193201 (2020). These regions are mainly placed between 3100 and 2800cm1 for fatty acids, 1800 and 1500cm1 for proteins and peptides, 1200 and 900cm1 for carbohydrates, and 900 and 600cm1 for the fingerprint region [62]. Tumor immunotherapy revolutionizes cancer treatments and has been one effective anti-tumor method [].Tumor immunotherapy targets and revives the immune system to recognize and then attack tumor cells [2, 3].It has been proven that immunotherapy has achieved notable clinical success in the treatment of certain tumors [].However, limited efficacy and/or significant toxicities are still the major . Al-Daihan, S. & Bhat, R. S. Antibacterial activities of extracts of leaf, fruit, seed and bark of Phoenix dactylifera. Several possible antimicrobial mechanisms have been detected using FTIR: (1) nanoparticles may change the fluidity of cell wall lipids by binding with CH groups of the membrane [36, 49, 58, 86] measured at 31002800cm1; (2) the binding of nanoparticles, or ions released from nanoparticles, with amino acids in proteins and enzymes [35], which changes the protein structures detectable at 15001800cm1 [16]; (3) nanoparticles bound to phosphate groups of nucleic acids in DNA or RNA altering their structures, which are detected in the 6001200cm1 wavenumber range [35, 52]; and (4) nanoparticle catalyzed oxidation mechanisms and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [35], which can cause alterations in polysaccharide structures measured in the 9001200cm1 wavenumber [52] range. 172, 258266 (2011). Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using 52, 249271 (2012). . Biologically synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) from, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01374-4. Chem. Bioelectromagnetics 30:500507. Khan, I., Saeed, K. & Khan, I. Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. FTIR spectroscopy as a tool for nano-material characterization Also a decrease in intensity of the broad 11401000cm1 band was detected. Mol Pharm 8:176184. J Nanomed Nanotechnol. The vibration. One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phoenix dactylifera leaves extract and their enhanced bactericidal activity. Furthermore, several studies have shown the capability of FTIR to differentiate between intact and injured cells in stress conditions [35, 70, 71, 73]. React Chem Eng 1(6):577594, Picquart M, Haro-Poniatowski E, Morhange JF, Jouanne M, Kanehisa M (2000) Low frequency vibrations and structural characterization of a murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody studied by Raman and IR spectroscopies. Analyst 135(12):30773086, Chan KLA, Lekkas I, Frogley MD, Cinque G, Altharawi A, Bello G, Dailey LA (2020) Synchrotron photothermal infrared nanospectroscopy of drug-induced phospholipidosis in macrophages. PubMed Biol. doi:10.1021/la702284b, Omoike A, Chorover J (2004) Spectroscopic study of extracellular polymeric substances from Bacillus subtilis: aqueous chemistry and adsorption effects. Science, Reference Module Physical and Materials Science. 47, 13511357 (2012). Biologically synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) from doi:10.1007/s00253-004-1574-x, Boonaert CJP, Dufrne YF, Derclaye SR, Rouxhet PG (2001) Adhesion of Lactococcus lactis to model substrata: direct study of the interface. FTIR showed the presence of O-H and C=C stretching due to the presence of phenol and alkene functional groups. 13, 26382650 (2011). Ann N Y Acad Sci 831:114126, van der Mei HC, de Vries J, Busscher HJ (2000) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the study of microbial cell surfaces. A Physicochem. This mechanism is responsible for the change in permeation in terms of the depletion in ATP levels [35] that has been reported as a nanoparticles impact on bacteria [36, 37, 49, 58, 86, 134]. These include functional group identification of polysaccharides, peptides, and hydrocarbon compounds with the use of a constituent model [1, 34, 104]. PubMed Central However, because bacteria signatures are observed in the mid-IR, this limitation does not apply for bacteria analysis. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04617.x, Serber Z, Dtsch V (2001) In-cell NMR spectroscopy. Too much of a good thing: Adaption to iron(II) intoxication in Escherichia coli. These properties include structural changes, phase changes, solubility, and diffusibility [116]. However, there are also disadvantages. FTIR typically uses a Silicon Carbide source which peaks at nearly 5 m as compared to FT-NIR which uses QTH lamps which peak at nearly 2 m. Figures 6 a and b show the source spectra. J Microbiol Methods 51:255271. J Bacteriol 75:1620, Kinder R, Ziegler C, Wessels JM (1997) Gamma-irradiation and UV-C light-induced lipid peroxidation: a Fourier transform-infrared absorption spectroscopic study. Green chemistry route of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava leaf extract and their antibacterial activity and effective removal of industrial dyes. J. Chem. Date (Phoenix dactylifera) polyphenolics and other bioactive compounds: A traditional islamic remedys potential in prevention of cell damage, cancer therapeutics and beyond. doi:10.1016/0927-7765(94)80049-9, Schanda P, Triboulet S, Laguri C et al (2014) Atomic model of a cell-wall cross-linking enzyme in complex with an intact bacterial peptidoglycan. This research work was supported by the National Science Foundation under the Grant Nos. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.8.4318-4324.2005, Mura S, Greppi G, Marongiu ML et al (2012) FTIR nanobiosensors for Escherichia coli detection. Mass Spectrom Rev 20:172194. Afr. Fang et al. The FTIR spectrum analysis might give valuable information about the structure, chemical composition, and purity of NPs. In contrast, the band at 695.2cm1 was not changed at all after exposure. Anal Chem 81:85648570. The ionizing process can be performed through electron bombardment, which produces the charged molecules (ions) of chemical compounds in a sample. FTIR Spectroscopy was carried out by using Bruker Germany Alpha FTIR spectrophotometer. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Proteins Proteomics 1794:263269. Kaur, G., Singh, T. & Kumar, A. Nanotechnology: A review. FEBS J 272:18551866. Photobiol. 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The synthesized ZnO nanocrystals were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The combined NMR and FTIR approach was applied to investigate the interaction of different structures of peptides (-helices and -sheets) with the bacterial membrane and its diastereomer [94]. In Press (2021). Google Scholar. doi:10.1128/AEM.00315-08, Park H-J, Kim JY, Kim J et al (2009) Silver-ion-mediated reactive oxygen species generation affecting bactericidal activity. doi:10.1080/095530097143897, Kiwi J, Nadtochenko V (2005) Evidence for the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of the bacterial wall membrane at the TiO2 interface by ATRFTIR and laser kinetic spectroscopy. Haleemkhan, A., Naseem, B. The golden age: Gold nanoparticles for biomedicine. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:60686076. This resulted in highly disordered alkyl chains yielding membrane ruptures and cell leaking [52]. Nano-FTIR (nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) is a scanning probe technique that utilizes as a combination of two techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). In the case of known compounds, NMR can characterize the molecular structure as well as physical properties at the molecular level. In order to analyze more complex materials such as bacteria [116], NMR is more appropriate than the previously mentioned techniques. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. FTIR is used for scanning the sample and it gives information about the relevant functional groups and stabilization of synthesized FeNPs53,54,55. Characterization of ZnO Nanocomposites. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. Plant Physiol 177(4):16291638, Ramesh J, Salman A, Mordechai S, Argov S, Goldstein J, Sinelnikov I, Walfisch S, Guterman H (2001) FTIR microscopic studies on normal, polyp, and malignant human colonic tissues. Likewise, the FTIR transmittance technique was used to study toxicity effects of selenium on Escherichia coli (E. coli) [39] and the exposure of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus membrane a sequence of photocatalytic degradation followed by Ag/TiO2 nanoparticle suspension [49]. [49] reported that the increase in the concentration of carboxylic groups was due to the appearance of bands at 1408 and 1337cm1. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 2018. J Colloid Interface Sci 177:263275. The XRD and FTIR spectrum analysis of silver nanoparticles confirms the crystalline structure of silver nanoparticles and the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. doi:10.1021/la049043, Jiang W, Yang K, Vachet RW, Xing B (2010) Interaction between oxide nanoparticles and biomolecules of the bacterial cell envelope as examined by infrared spectroscopy. Yang, K., Peng, H., Wen, Y. In addition, NMR can determine protein structures and the location of every atom in the space [113]. J Bacteriol 72:593603, Riding MJ, Martin FL, Trevisan J et al (2012) Concentration-dependent effects of carbon nanoparticles in gram-negative bacteria determined by infrared spectroscopy with multivariate analysis. The data were provided by Omnic software (Thermo Scientific) and processed using MATLAB (MathWorks Software). In addition, Hu et al. J Phys Chem C 112:1875418759. Langmuir 26:1807118077. Soc. The bands around 1367, 1354, and 1341cm1 are responsible for the vibrations of methylene fragments in the kink (gauche-trans-gauche), double-gauche, and end-gauche conformations, respectively [25, 66]. doi:10.1099/00221287-137-1-69, Holman H-YN, Miles R, Hao Z et al (2009) Real-time chemical imaging of bacterial activity in biofilms using open-channel microfluidics and synchrotron FTIR spectromicroscopy. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.027, Rizzello L, Pompa PP (2014) Nanosilver-based antibacterial drugs and devices: mechanisms, methodological drawbacks, and guidelines. Another study detected that the effects of the ZnO nanowire photocatalysis were characterized in the fatty acid regions by the decreased bands at 2852, 2924, and 2959cm1, indicating the changes in CH of the fatty-tail structure [134]. The biochemical structural alterations of bacteria exposed to nanoparticles can be characterized in four regions by tracking FTIR fingerprints [36, 37, 49, 52, 58, 86, 108, 134]. doi:10.1021/jf801604p, Al-Qadiri HM, Lin M, Al-Holy MA et al (2008) Detection of sublethal thermal injury in salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (4000 to 600cm1). All of these three properties of FTIR are effective in the solid phase rather the liquid phase of nanotoxicological studies. To detect the specific responses within the treated bacteria, the data were analyzed region by region on the spectra. Finally, we present an application of FTIR for the assessment of bacterial changes in response to the exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). J Phys Chem B 109:95409549. Am J Cancer Res 2(1):1, Bellisola G, Della Peruta M, Vezzalini M, Moratti E, Vaccari L, Birarda G, Piccinini M, Cinque G, Sorio C (2010) Tracking InfraRed signatures of drugs in cancer cells by Fourier Transform microspectroscopy. Faghihzadeh, F., Anaya, N.M., Schifman, L.A. et al. 2, 5053 (2012). Mater. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00640.x, Alvarez-Ordez A, Halisch J, Prieto M (2010) Changes in Fourier transform infrared spectra of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis after adaptation to stressful growth conditions. ATRFTIR has also been used to study the toxicity effect of various nanoparticles, such as ZnO [134], quantum dots [37], and carbon nanomaterial [108]. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.08.003, Coates J (2006) Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach. 2. Anal Chim Acta 659:258265. NMR spectroscopy can determine the molecular structure, content, and purity of a sample. Chem. Nanomaterials | Free Full-Text | Tailoring Magnetite-Nanoparticle-Based The deformation of bacterial cell walls can be the reason of the shifting in the carbohydrate region (Fig. Likewise, Riding et al. This band may appear from the deviation of terminal phosphoryl groups caused by the CH2 wagging spectra. FTIR analysis is an efficient method to illustrate the composition of synthesized products. Sci. A limitation of this methodology is that the resolution can decrease at higher wavelengths compared to the transmission mode due to higher background noise. Spectrosc. J. Nano Sci. Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their environmental applications and implications. Cannon, R. D. Electron Transfer Reactions (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016). Wiley, London, Colthup N (2012) Introduction to infrared and Raman spectroscopy. p<0.05 was considered significant. [52] reported in a different study that after exposing bacteria to ZnO nanoparticles, the sugar bands at 1074cm1 shifted to a lower wavenumber, suggesting the weakening of the CO bond due to an increase in the degree of strength of hydrogen bonding with oxides. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 7:6475. doi:10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00005-6, Beekes M, Lasch P, Naumann D (2007) Analytical applications of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in microbiology and prion research.
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