This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. 26. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. 24. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership 46. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). 40. All rights reserved. 11. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. It comes from 189899, when the United States gutted Spains empire, claiming the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam for itself, occupying Cuba, and taking the occasion to annex the non-Spanish lands of Hawaii and American Samoa. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). They hung on classroom walls. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. Also available in digital form. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Can we say the same about the overseas territories? Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. % 1848. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. 44. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. 203. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . It is one of the longest serving continuously operating offices in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and has been recognized for the excellence of its publications and programs for over a half century. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. 15. With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. 4. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. 22. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims 9. 32. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. Spanish-America War; fully independent in 1946, Annexed following Spanish-America War; currently a Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. 1845. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. Surely its meaningful that the present editors of this journal, Nick Cullather and Anne Foster, are both historians of the Philippines. and Germany, Leased from Panama In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. But it is still a significant figure. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Also available in digital form. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. Those examples are merely suggestive. 28. Wall maps. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd United States--Foreign relations, - (Oxford, 1989). Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 5 0 obj 8. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. Pdf. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. 20. 3 0 obj HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . Mexican Cession. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. United States--History, - The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no.
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